ÿþ<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" > <head> <title>Chloramine Info Center</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="content.css" type="text/css" /> </head> <body> <p align="center" style="font-size: 18pt; color: #00cc00">Peer Reviewed Studies And Professional Articles</p> <p> <span style="font-size: 16pt">By-Products </span> </p> <span style="font-size: 14pt"> <a href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es802584a" target="_blank">Drinking-water analysis turns up even more toxic compounds</a><br /> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong> Catherine M. Cooney<br /> </strong><em> Environ. Sci. Technol., 2008, 42 (22), p 8175</em><br /> Copyright © 2008 American Chemical Society<br /> </span> <br /> Growing evidence showing that the formation of iodinated DBPs in drinking water may be higher when utilities use chloramines, rather than chlorine, ozone, or chlorine dioxide, as a disinfectant. DBPs are created when the compounds used for disinfecting drinking water react with natural organic matter, bromide, or iodide. Research shows that iodoacetic acid is highly cytotoxic and more genotoxic in mammalian cells than bromoacetic acid, which is the most genotoxic of the haloacetic acids (HAAs) regulated in the U.S. Iodoacetic acid also has been shown to cause developmental abnormalities in mouse embryos.<br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es801169k" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: 14pt"> Occurrence and Mammalian Cell Toxicity of Iodinated Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water</span></a><span style="font-size: 14pt"><br /> </span> <span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong> Susan D. Richardson, Michael J. Plewa</strong> <br /> <em> Environ. Sci. Technol., 2008, 42 (22), pp 8330-8338</em><br /> Copyright © 2008 American Chemical Society<br /> </span> <br /> In general, compounds that contain an iodo-group have enhanced mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity as compared to their brominated and chlorinated analogues.<br /> &nbsp;<br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: 14pt"><a href="https://www.awwa.org/publications/AWWAJournalArticle.cfm?itemnumber=29230" target="_blank"> HAA formation during chloramination-significance of monochloramine's direct reaction with DOM</a></span><br /> <span style="font-size: 10pt"><em> Ying Hong, Suibing Liu, Hocheol Song, and Tanju Karanfil<br /> </em></span> <br /> The literature reports significantly different patterns for haloacetic acid (HAA) formation kinetics during chloramination. This study systematically examines the routes of HAA formation and elucidates the cause(s) behind the inconsistencies and discrepancies reported for HAA formation patterns.<br /> Until now, it has been generally accepted that free chlorine that formed as a result of monochloramine decomposition was responsible for most of the HAA formation in a chloraminated water. However, laboratory experiments conducted in this research indicated that the direct reaction of monochloramine with dissolved organic matter plays the major role in HAA formation during chloramination.&nbsp;<br /> <br /><br /> <span style="font-size: 16pt"> What is in Our Drinking Water? <br /> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt"> <br /> Identification of New Chemical Disinfection By-products (DBPs)</span><br /> <br /> <ul> <span style="font-size: 14pt">Recent results </span> <li>The first phase of the Four Lab Study (Environ. Toxicol. Health, Pt. A, 2008, 71, 1125-1132 and following papers in this issue) reports results from an integrated chemical/toxicological research study to investigate the toxicological effects of complex DBP mixtures</li> <li>A Nationwide DBP Occurrence Study (ES&T, 2006, 40, 7175-7185) provided important new quantitative information on unregulated DBPs that have the potential to cause adverse health effects based on a structure-activity analysis (Woo et al., 2002); several of these DBPs have concentrations similar to some that are already regulated</li> <li>The use of alternative disinfectants can produce higher levels of these DBPs, as compared to chlorine</li> <li>Collaborations are ongoing with health effects researchers to study selected DBPs for potential adverse health effects</li> </ul> <br /> <span style="font-size: 14pt"><a href="http://www.epa.gov/athens/research/process/drinkingwater.html" target="_blank"> Gordon Research Conference on DBPs</a><br /> </span> <br /> The second Gordon Research Conference on drinking water DBPs will be held August 9-14, 2009, at Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts. Like the first one initiated in 2006 (where scientists from 22 countries came), this conference will bring together scientists from different disciplines: chemists, toxicologists, epidemiologists, engineers, clinicians, human exposure scientists, risk assessors, and regulators to address the issues with drinking water DBPs. Ben Blount from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) will be the Chair of the 2009 conference. Contact Ben Blount (<a href="mailto:bkb3@cdc.gov">bkb3@cdc.gov</a>) or Susan Richardson (<a href="mailto:richardson.susan@epa.gov">richardson.susan@epa.gov</a>) for more information.<br /> &nbsp;<br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: 14pt"><a href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es0617441" target="_blank"> Haloacetonitriles vs. Regulated Haloacetic Acids: Are Nitrogen-Containing DBPs More Toxic?<br /> </a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong> Mark G. Muellner, Elizabeth D. Wagner, Kristin McCalla, Susan D. Richardson,! Yin-Tak Woo,§ and Michael J. Plewa* </strong><br /> <em> Environ. Sci. Technol., 2007, 41 (2), pp 645-651</em><br /> Copyright © 2007 American Chemical Society<br /> </span> <br /> Haloacetonitriles (HANs) are toxic nitrogenous drinking water disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) and are observed with chlorine, chloramine, or chlorine dioxide disinfection. Using microplate-based Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell assays for chronic cytotoxicity and acute genotoxicity, we analyzed 7 HANs: iodoacetonitrile (IAN), bromoacetonitrile (BAN), dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN), bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN), chloroacetonitrile (CAN), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), and trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN). The cytotoxic potency (%C1/2 values) ranged from 2.8 ¼M (DBAN) to 0.16 mM (TCAN), with a descending rank order of DBAN > IAN H" BAN > BCAN > DCAN > CAN > TCAN. HANs induced acute genomic DNA damage; the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) genotoxicity potency ranged from 37 ¼M (IAN) to 2.7 mM (DCAN). The rank order of declining genotoxicity was IAN > BAN H" DBAN > BCAN > CAN > TCAN > DCAN. The accompanying structure"activity analysis of these HANs was in general agreement with the genotoxicity rank order. These data were incorporated into our growing quantitative comparative DBP cytotoxicity and genotoxicity databases. As a chemical class, the HANs are more toxic than regulated carbon-based DBPs, such as the haloacetic acids. The toxicity of N-DBPs may become a health concern because of the increased use of alternative disinfectants, such as chloramines, which may enhance the formation of N-DBPs, including HANs.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: 14pt"><a href="http://www.cdph.ca.gov/CERTLIC/DRINKINGWATER/Pages/NDMA.aspx" target="_blank"> NDMA and Other Nitrosamines - Drinking Water Issues</a></span><br /> <span style="font-size: 10pt"> Last Update: December 9, 2008<br /> </span> <br /> In 1998 N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was found in a drinking water well in northern California. NDMA was subsequently found elsewhere). NDMA was also found to be a byproduct of drinking water treatment . As a result of the early findings, DHS (the Department of Health Services, now the California Department of Public Health, CDPH) established a notification level in 1998 for NDMA. <br /> After NDMA was first found, there were only a few laboratories capable of detecting NDMA at very low concentrations-on the order of just a few nanograms per liter (ng/L), or parts per trillion. Subsequently, US EPA published Method 521 for nitrosamines in drinking water (part of list 2 of unregulated contaminants for which monitoring is required), and established a laboratory approval process. ).<br /><br /> Given the NDMA detections associated with drinking water sources and treatment, NDMA is a good candidate for future regulation (i.e., establishment of a drinking water standard, also known as a maximum contaminant level or MCL). Thus, the Department requested a PHG from the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA). A PHG is the first step in the regulatory process .<br /><br /> OEHHA (2006) established a 3-ng/L PHG for NDMA. <br /><br /> An MCL for NDMA will likely not be available for several years, so 10-ng/L notification level will continue to be used to provide information to local governing agencies and consumers.<br /> <br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: 14pt"><a href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es0605319 " target="_blank"> Modeling the Formation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from the Reaction of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) with Monochloramine <br /> </a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong> Zhuo Chen and Richard L. Valentine<span style="color: blue">*</span><br /> </strong> Civil and Environmental Engineering, 4105 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1527 <br /> <em> Environ. Sci. Technol., 2006, 40 (23), pp 7290-7297<br /> </em> Copyright © 2006 American Chemical Society<br /> </span> <br /> This paper presents mechanistic studies on the formation of NDMA, a newly identified chloramination disinfection byproduct, from reactions of monochloramine with natural organic matter. <br /> <br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: 14pt"><a href="http://www.awwa.org/publications/AWWAJournalArticle.cfm?itemnumber=30123" target="_blank"> Relative significance of factors influencing DXAA formation during chloramination<br /> </a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong> Phillip G. Pope, Melanie Martin-Doole, Gerald E. Speitel Jr., and M. Robin Collins<br /> </strong></span> <br /> This research elucidates the influence of natural organic matter (NOM) characteristics and reactivity, pH, chlorine-to-nitrogen ratio, disinfectant residual concentration, and bromide concentration on dihaloacetic acid (DXAA) formation during chloramination in several diverse water sources. Analysis of variance over a broad variety of experimental conditions usually pointed to pH as being the most significant factor in DXAA formation, followed by bromide concentration. A shift in speciation to the bromine-substituted species occurred as the bromide concentration increased and the pH decreased. Temperature and chloramine residual also affected DXAA formation, but were much less influential than other factors.<br /> The effectiveness of treatment, which can have a significant effect on DXAA formation, is largely related to overall DOC removal, although preferential removal of more-reactive NOM fractions also may contribute to reduction of DXAA formation. The conclusions of this research will help utilities make more-informed decisions regarding the control of disinfection by-product formation while maintaining disinfection requirements<br /> &nbsp;<br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: 14pt"><a href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es060353j" target="_blank"> Occurrence of a New Generation of Disinfection Byproducts </a></span><br /> <span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong> Stuart W. Krasner,*! Howard S. Weinberg,§ Susan D. Richardson,</strong><br /> <em> Environ. Sci. Technol., 2006, 40 (23), pp 7175-7185<br /> </em> Copyright © 2006 American Chemical Society<br /> </span> <br /> Although the use of alternative disinfectants (ozone, chlorine dioxide, and chloramines) minimized the formation of the four regulated THMs, trihalogenated HAAs, and total organic halogen (TOX), several priority DBPs were formed at higher levels with the alternative disinfectants as compared with chlorine.<br /> &nbsp;<br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: 14pt"><a href="http://www.epa.org/ncea/iris/subst/0352.htm" target="_blank"> Hydrazine - Integrated Risk Information System</a></span><br /> <br /> US EPA<br /> Hydrazine is classified as a "probable human carcinogen"<br /> &nbsp;<br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: 14pt"><a href="Studies/ByProducts.htm"> Byproduct of Water-Disinfection Process Found to be Highly Toxic</a></span><br /> <br /> A recently discovered disinfection byproduct (DBP) found in U.S. drinking water treated with chloramines is the most toxic ever found, says a scientist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign who tested samples on mammalian cells. <br /> <br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: 16pt"> LEAD LEACHING</span><br /><br /> <span style="font-size: 14pt"><a href="Studies/BloodLead.htm"> Changes in Blood Lead Levels Associated with Use of Chloramines in Water Treatment Systems</a></span><br /> <br /> The introduction of chloramines to water systems with lead service lines or homes with lead-containing fixtures or solder may increase the amount of dissolved lead in the water. <br /> <br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: 14pt"><a href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-01/acs-swa012709.php" target="_blank"> Substantial work ahead for water issues, say scientists at ACS' Final Report briefing</a></span><br /> <span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong> Public release date: 27-Jan-2009</strong><br /> <span style="text-decoration: underline">American Chemical Society</span><br /> </span> <br /> The American Chemical Society (ACS), the world's largest scientific society, launched Global Challenges in 2008 as a special series of 12 podcasts and Web sites describing how scientists are responding to enormous challenges facing 21st Century society. The reality today, said Marc Edwards, Ph.D., a panelist from Virginia Tech University, is that the existing plumbing infrastructure is inadequate, and scientists have insufficient knowledge about how to overcome the challenges of providing safe water to people around the world.<br /> <br /> Although Edwards stressed the importance of water conservation in meeting those, he also cited unintended consequences of such efforts. He noted, for instance, that reduced-flush toilets and other water conservation methods are allowing water to remain in household pipes longer. As it stagnates in pipes, the water could develop undesirable characteristics and have unwanted effects on household plumbing.<br /> <br /> Edwards, a noted authority whom Time magazine termed "the Plumbing Professor" and named as one of the top innovators of 2004, also detailed how a change in disinfectant from chlorine to chloramine caused leaching of lead into drinking water. A new study by Edwards and colleagues from Virginia Tech University and Children's National Medical Center concludes that hundreds of children in Washington D.C. were introduced to high levels of lead from the city's drinking water. The study will be published in Environmental Science & Technology, one of ACS' 34 peer-reviewed scientific journals.<br /> <br /> "The predictions for the levels of lead in water in D.C. from 2001 to 2003 based on prior scientific research were very significant and disturbing," Edwards said. "When the first reports came out finding that there was no detectable harm done, it defied previous scientific understanding. So we did our own study. For the youngest children, those under the age of 1.3 years, you saw substantial increases in blood-lead incidence immediately after switching to chloramine."<br /> &nbsp;<br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: 14pt"><a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-n/content/article/2009/01/26/AR2009012602402_pf.html" target="_blank"> High Lead Levels Found in D.C. Kids</a></span><br /> Numbers Rose During Water Crisis<br /> <span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong> By Carol D. Leonnig<br /> Washington Post Staff Writer<br /> </strong> Tuesday, January 27, 2009; A01<br /> </span> <br /> A new study concludes that hundreds of young children in the District experienced potentially damaging amounts of lead in their blood when lead levels were dramatically rising in the city's tap water.<br /> <br /> Authors of the study, at Virginia Tech and Children's National Medical Center, said their findings raise concern about the 42,000 D.C. children, now ages 4 to 9, who were in the womb or younger than 2 during the water crisis. Those children might be at risk of future health and behavioral problems linked to lead, the report said.<br /> <br /> The study, based on a detailed analysis of thousands of children's blood tests from 2000 to 2003, contradicts the public assurances issued by federal and D.C. health officials starting in 2004. At the time, although officials acknowledged that the amount of lead in city water were at record-breaking levels, they said repeatedly that they found no measurable impact on the general public's health.<br /> <br /> The lead concentrations in the city's water were sometimes hundreds of times higher in individual homes than the amount the federal government considers a level of concern. The lead concentrations began rising in 2001, after a new chemical was added to the water treatment, and they persisted until they were publicized in a February 2004 Post article. See full article below<br /> <br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: 14pt"><a href="Studies/OpEDs.htm"> OP ED Study<br /> </a></span> <br /> Citizens in the PAWC service area have challenged PAWC's decision to use chloramine instead of chlorine to disinfect our drinking water. EPA has required water systems to reduce chlorine by-product levels caused when organic materials mix with chlorine. EPA suspects that these by-products cause bladder cancer. One of several methods available to PAWC to meet EPA standards is chloramine, a mix of chlorine and ammonia and one of the least expensive and easiest methods available. <br /> <br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: 16pt">RESPIRATORY AILMENTS/Tri-chloramines</span><br /> <span style="font-size: 14pt">Swimmer's Asthma</span> <br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: 14pt"><a href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es062367v" target="_blank"> Drowning in Disinfection Byproducts? Assessing Swimming Pool Water<br /> </a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong>Christian Zwiener,* Susan D. Richardson</strong><br /> <em>Environ. Sci. Technol., 2007, 41 (2), pp 363-372</em><br /> Copyright © 2007 American Chemical Society<br /> </span> <br /> Trichloramine, which is linked with swimming-pool-associated asthma; & .Children swimmers have an increased risk of developing asthma and infections of the respiratory tract and ear. <br /> <br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: 14pt"><a href="http://www.pslgroup.com/dg/2076DE.htm" target="_blank">ERS: European Investigators Identify Potential Cause of Asthma in Swimmers</a></span><br /> <span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong> By Cameron Johnston<br /> </strong><em>Special to DG News</em></span><br /> <br /> Dr. K. Thickett, of the Occupational Lung Diseases Unit at the Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, England, said it is not only the exposure to the chlorine that is the culprit causing asthma in swimmers. More important, she said, is the chemical reaction that occurs when chlorine comes into contact with sweat and urine, and releases derivatives such as aldehydes, halogenated hydrocarbons, and chloramines. <br /> <br /> We used to think that chloramines caused only eye and throat irritation, and while other studies have hinted that there might be a connection between chloramines and respiratory irritation, this is the first to demonstrate a causal effect on the basis of a bronchial challenge test." <br /> <br /> In Dr. Thickett's study, each of the subjects either stopped taking inhaled corticosteroids altogether, or their asthma symptoms resolved significantly once they were placed in other occupations away from the swimming pools. <br /> <br /> Meanwhile, investigators in Belgium and Australia presented research showing that exposure to such chloramines greatly increases permeability of the lung epithelium.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: 16pt">FISH KILLS<br /> <br /> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt"><a href="http://www.fairfaxtimes.com/news/2008/apr/02/water-spill-kills-mclean-fish/print/" target="_blank"> Water spill kills McLean fish</a></span><br /> <br /> A broken Falls Church City water main is believed to have killed virtually the entire fish population in several miles of the Pimmit Run stream where it runs through McLean.<br /> "It killed practically everything. At least 90 percent of the fish are dead," said Ed Pickens, of Fairfax Trails and Streams.<br /> <br /> According to Falls Church City spokesperson Nicole Gobbo, work crews discovered a broken 20-inch water main near the intersection of Great Falls Street and Hutchinson Street at around 3 a.m. March 25. By 6:00 a.m. the pipe had been shut off but in the meantime it discharged hundreds of gallons of Falls Church City drinking water into Pimmit Run.<br /> <br /> The water contained chloramine, a standard disinfectant for municipal drinking water. Chloramine is added to water to kill bacteria, but it is also toxic to fish.<br /> <br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: 14pt"> CEPA Environmental Registry (Canadian EPA)<br /> </span> <br /> Chloramines can remain chemically stable in water from hours to days. They are highly toxic to fish and other organisms which live in water. These substances are not found to be bioaccumulative, or to transfer up the food chain.<br /> <br /> Risk assessments of chloramines were conducted on two wastewater discharges, and a cooling water discharge to rivers and a lake. The scientific assessment of chloramines found that they are entering the environment in quantities and concentrations and under conditions that are having, or that may have an immediate and long-term effect on the aquatic environment at various locations across Canada.<br /> <br /> An assessment of drinking water releases found that even very small direct discharges of chloramine-treated potable water could result in impacts on aquatic species. Conclusions are supported by sampling which showed higher chloramine concentrations in surface waters receiving chloramine in effluents. <span style="text-decoration: underline"> Water main breaks which released chloraminated drinking water in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia have resulted in the deaths of many thousand salmonids and several thousand invertebrates.</span> Concentrations of chloramines as low as 0.07 mg/L (70 µg/L) have been shown to be lethal to coho salmon in 96 hour studies.<br /> <br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: 14pt">Water-main breaks proving deadly to fish</span><br /> <span style="font-size: 10pt"><strong> Patrick Hoge, Chronicle Staff Writer<br /> </strong>Saturday, July 15, 2006<br /> </span> <br /> Aquarium owners typically know that untreated tap water can kill fish. <br /> And Bay Area water-quality regulators are increasingly concerned that drinking water spilling down storm drains and into creeks has caused fish kills in places like Berkeley and Marin County. <br /> Regional Water Quality Control Board officials are particularly concerned about a disinfectant called chloramine that water agencies nationwide have started to use instead of chlorine. Chloramine, which regulators say is not toxic to humans, is more lethal to aquatic life. <br /> "We need a more effective program put into place that will prevent these fish, frogs and other aquatic life from being killed,'' said Ann Riley, river and watershed restoration adviser for the San Francisco Regional Water Quality Control Board and co-founder of the Urban Creeks Council. <br /> Riley and co-workers became concerned about chloramine after a series of East Bay Municipal Utility District water-main breaks sent hundreds of thousands of gallons of water into three creeks, killing fish on at least two occasions in Berkeley. <br /> <br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: 16pt"> NATIONAL SECURITY<br /> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt"> <br /> <a href="http://news.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-3/Monochloramine-treatment-not-as-effective-in-protecting-drinking-water-2607-1/" target="_blank"> Monochloramine treatment not as effective in protecting drinking water</a></span><br /> <br /> WASHINGTON, DC March 1, 2007 -- The results of what may be the most extensive comparison of two common disinfectants used by municipal water systems suggest that, from a security standpoint, traditional chlorination may be more effective than treatment with monochloramine. <br /> <br /> As part of a recent endeavor to develop a system for online, continuous monitoring of drinking water distribution networks, Kroll and his colleagues, in coordination with the Army Corps of Engineers, studied the interactions of a wide variety of potential waterborne threat agents (both biological and chemical) with different levels of either free chlorine or monochloramine present. They tested dozens of potential hazards, from pesticides to disease-causing bacteria to chemical warfare agents.<br /> <br /> The researchers discovered that not only is monochloramine less reactive than free chlorine against a number of chemical threats, it also is a slightly less efficient disinfectant, requiring a longer time to kill bacterial contaminants.<br /> &nbsp;<br /> <br /> <strong>The American Chemical Society - the world's largest scientific society - is a nonprofit organization chartered by the U.S. Congress and a global leader in providing access to chemistry-related research through its multiple databases, peer-reviewed journals and scientific conferences. Its main offices are in Washington, D.C., and Columbus, Ohio.</strong><br /> <br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: 16pt">Additional publications<br /> <br /> </span>Weinberg, H. S., S. W. Krasner, S. D. Richardson, and A. D. Thruston, Jr. <br /> The Occurrence of Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) of Health Concern in Drinking Water: Results of a Nationwide DBP Occurrence Study. EPA/600/R02/068. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Athens, GA. 2002. <br /> <br /> Richardson, S. D., F. Fasano, J. J. Ellington, F. G. Crumley, K. M. Buettner, J. J. Evans, B. C. Blount, L. K. Silva, T. J. Waite, G. W. Luther, A. B. McKague, R. J. Miltner, E. D. Wagner, and M. J. Plewa. 2008. Occurrence and Mammalian Cell Toxicity of Iodinated Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42 (22): 8330-8338.<br /> <br /> Plewa, M. J., M. G. Muellner, S. D. Richardson, F. Fasano, K. M. Buettner, Y.-T. Woo, A. B. McKague, and E. D. Wagner. 2008. Occurrence, Synthesis, and Genotoxicity of Haloacetamides: An Emerging Class of Nitrogenous Drinking Water Disinfection Byproducts. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42 (3), 955-961. <br /> <br /> Richardson, S. D., A. D. Thruston, Jr., S. W. Krasner, H. S. Weinberg, R. J. Miltner, M. G. Narotsky, and J. E. Simmons. 2008. Integrated Disinfection Byproducts Mixtures Research: Comprehensive Characterization of Water Concentrates Prepared from Chlorinated and Ozonated/Postchlorinated Drinking Water. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Pt. A, 71: 1165-1186. <br /> <br /> Simmons, J. E., S. D. Richardson, T. F. Speth, R. J. Miltner, G. Rice, K. M. Schenck, E. S. Hunter, III, and L. K. Teuschler. 2008. Research Issues Underlying the Four-Lab Study: Integrated Disinfection Byproducts Mixtures Research. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Pt. A, 71: 1125-1132. <br /> <br /> Miltner, R. J., T. F. Speth, S. D. Richardson, S. W. Krasner, H. S. Weinberg, and J. E. Simmons. 2008. Integrated Disinfection Byproducts Mixtures Research: Disinfection of Drinking Waters by Chlorination and Ozonation/Postchlorination Treatment Scenarios. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Pt. A, 71: 1133-1148. <br /> <br /> Speth, T. F., R. J. Miltner, S. D. Richardson, and J. E. Simmons. 2008. Integrated Disinfection Byproducts Mixtures Research: Concentration by Reverse Osmosis Membrane Techniques of Disinfection Byproducts from Water Disinfected by Chlorination and Ozonation/Postchlorination. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Pt. A, 71: 1149-1164. <br /> <br /> Rice, G., L. K. Teuschler, S. D. Richardson, T. F. Speth, and J. E. Simmons. 2008. Integrated Disinfection Byproducts Mixtures Research: Assessing Reproductive and Developmental Risks Posed by Complex Disinfection Byproduct Mixtures. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Pt. A, 71: 1222-1234. <br /> <br /> Weisel, C. P., S. D. Richardson, B. Nemery, G. Aggazzotti, E. Baraldi, E. R. Blatchley, III, B. C. Blount, K-H. Carlsen, P. A. Eggleston, F. H. Frimmel, M. Goodman, G. Gordon, S. A. Grinshpun, D. Heederik, M. Kogenvinas, J. S. LaKind, M. J. Nieuwenhuijsen, F. C. Piper, S. A. Sattar. 2008. Childhood Asthma and Environmental Exposures at Swimming Pools: State of the Science and Research Recommendations. Environ. Health Perspect., in press. <br /> <br /> Muellner, M. G., E. D. Wagner, K. McCalla, S. D. Richardson, Y.-T. Wood, and M. J. Plewa. 2007. Haloacetonitriles vs. Regulated Haloacetic Acids: Are Nitrogen Containing DBPs More Toxic? Environ. Sci. Technol., 41 (2): 645-651.<br /> <br /> Zwiener, C., S. D. Richardson, D. M. DeMarini, T. Grummt, T. Glauner, and F. H. Frimmel. 2007. Drowining in Disinfection By-Products? Swimming Pool Water Quality Reconsidered. Environ. Sci. Technol., 41 (2): 363-372.<br /> <br /> Plewa, M. J., M. G. Muellner, S. D. Richardson, F. Fasano, K. M. Buettner, Y.-T. Woo, A. B. McKague, and E. D. Wagner. 2007. Occurrence, Synthesis, and Mammalian Cell Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Haloacetamides: An Emerging Class of Nitrogenous Drinking Water Disinfection By-Product. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42 (3): 955-961.<br /> <br /> Richardson. S. D. 2008. Environmental Mass Spectrometry: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. Anal. Chem., 80(12): 4373-4402. <br /> <br /> Richardson, S. D., C. Rav-Acha, and G. D. Simpson. 2009. Chlorine Dioxide Chemistry, Reactions, and Disinfection By-Products. In Chlorine Dioxide in Drinking Water Treatment, American Water Works Association Research Foundation, in press. <br /> <br /> Richardson, S. D., M. J. Plewa, E. D. Wagner, R. Schoeny, and D. M. DeMarini. Occurrence, Genotoxicity, and Carcinogenicity of Emerging Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water: A Review and Roadmap for Research. 2007. Mutat. Res., 636: 178-242. <br /> <br /> Richardson, S. D. Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. 2007. Anal. Chem., 79(12): 4295-4324. <br /> <br /> Krasner, S. W., H. S. Weinberg, S. D. Richardson, S. Pastor, R. Chinn, M. J. Sclimenti, G. Onstad, and A. D. Thruston, Jr. 2006. The Occurrence of a New Generation of Disinfection Byproducts. Environmental Science & Technology, 40 (23): 7175-7185. <br /> <br /> Richardson. S. D. Environmental Mass Spectrometry: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. 2006. Analytical Chemistry, 78 (12): 4021-4046.<br /> <br /> Richardson, S. D., and T. Ternes. 2005. Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. Analytical Chemistry, 77(12): 3807-3838.<br /> <br /> Cemeli, E., E. D. Wagner, D. Anderson, S. D. Richardson, and M. J. Plewa. 2006. Modulation of the Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of the Drinking Water DBP Iodoacetic Acid by Suppressors of Oxidative Stress. Environmental Science & Technology, 40 (6): 1878-1883.<br /> <br /> Vincenti, M., S. Biazzi, N. Ghiglione, M. C. Valsania, and S. D. Richardson. 2005. Comparison of Highly- Fluorinated Chloroformates as Direct Aqueous Sample Derivatizing Agents for Hydrophilic Analytes and Drinking Water Disinfection By-Products. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, 16 (6): 803-813.<br /> <br /> Plewa, M. J., E. D. Wagner, S. D. Richardson, A. D. Thruston, Jr., Y.-T. Woo, and A. B. McKague. 2004. Chemical and Biological Characterization of Newly Discovered Iodoacid Drinking Water Disinfection Byproducts. Environmental Science & Technology, 38(18): 4713-4722. <br /> <br /> Zwiener, C., and S. D. Richardson. 2005. Drinking Water Disinfection By-Product Analysis by LC/MS and LC/MS/MS. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 24(7): 613-621. (Invited review article for special thematic issue on Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry).<br /> <br /> Plewa, M. J., E. D. Wagner, P. Jazwierska, S. D. Richardson, P. H. Chen, and A. B. McKague. 2004. Halonitromethane Drinking Water Disinfection Byproducts: Chemical Characterization and Mammalian Cell Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity. Environmental Science & Technology, 38(1): 62-68.<br /> <br /> Kundu, B., S. D. Richardson, P. D. Swartz, P. P. Matthews, A. M. Richard, and D. M. DeMarini. 2004. Mutagenicity in Salmonella of Halonitrometanes: A Recently Recognized Class of Disinfection By-Product in Drinking Water. Mutation Research, 562: 39-65.<br /> <br /> Kundu, B., S. D. Richardson, C. A. Granville, D. T. Shaughnessy, N. M. Hanley, P. D. Swartz, A. M. Richard, and D. M. DeMarini. 2004. Comparative Mutagenicity of Halomethanes and Halonitromethanes in Salmonella TA100: Structure-Activity Analysis and Mutation Spectra. Mutation Research, 554: 335-350.<br /> <br /> Richardson, S. D. 2004. Environmental Mass Spectrometry: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. Analytical Chemistry, 76(12): 3337-3364.<br /> <br /> Simmons, J. E., L. K. Teuschler, C. Gennings, T. F. Speth, S. D. Richardson, R. J. Miltner, M. G. Narotsky, K. D. Schenck, E. S. Hunter, III, R. C. Hertzberg, III, and G. Rice. 2004. Component-Based and Whole-Mixture Techniques for Addressing the Toxicity of Drinking Water Disinfection Byproducts Mixtures. Journal of Toxicology & Environmental Health, 67: 741-754.<br /> <br /> Richardson, S.D., J. E. Simmons, and G. Rice. 2002. DBPs: The Next Generation. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(9): 198A-205A. <br /> <br /> Woo, Y.-T., D. Lai, J. L. McLain, M. K. Manibusan, and V. Dellarco. 2002. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110 (Suppl. 1): 75-87.<br /> <br /> Richardson, S. D., A. D. Thruston, Jr., C. Rav-Acha, L. Groisman, I. Popilevsky, V. Glezer, A. B. McKague, M. J. Plewa, and E. D. Wagner. 2003. Tribromopyrrole and Other DBPs Produced by the Disinfection of Drinking Water Rich in Bromide. Environmental Science & Technology, 37(17): 3782-3793. <br /> <br /> Richardson, S. D. 2003. Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. Analytical Chemistry, 75(12): 2831-2857.<br /> <br /> Richardson, S. D. 2003. Disinfection By-Products and Other Emerging Contaminants in Drinking Water. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 22(10):666-684.<br /> <br /> Chen, P. H., S. D. Richardson, S. W. Krasner, G. Majetich, and G. L. Glish. 2002. Hydrogen Abstraction and Decomposition of Tribromonitromethane and Other Trihalo Compounds by GC/MS. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(15): 3362-3371.<br /> <br /> Simmons, J. E., S. D. Richardson, T. F. Speth, R. J. Miltner, G. Rice, K. M. Schenck, E. S. Hunter, III, and L. K. Teuschler. 2002. Development of a Research Strategy for Integrated Technology-Based Toxicological and Chemical Evaluation of Complex Mixtures of Drinking Water Disinfection Byproducts. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(Supp. 6): 1013-1024.<br /> <br /> Arbuckle, T. E., S. E. Hrudey, S. W. Krasner, J. R. Nuckols, S. D. Richardson, P. Singer, P. Mendola, L. Dodds, C. Weisel, D. L. Ashley, K. L. Froese, R. A. Pegram, I. R. Schultz, J. Reif, A. M. Bachand, F. M. Benoit, M. Lynberg, C. Poole, and K. Waller. 2002. Assessing Exposure in Epidemiologic Studies to Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water: Report from an International Workshop. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110 (Supp. 1): 53-60.<br /> <br /> Richardson, S. D., T. V. Caughran, T. Poiger, Y. Guo, and F. G. Crumley. 2000. Application of DNPH Derivatization with LC/MS to the Identification of Polar Carbonyl Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 22: 653-675.<br /> <br /> Richardson, S. D., A. D. Thruston, Jr., T. V. Caughran, P. H. Chen, T. W. Collette, T. L. Floyd, K. M. Schenck, B. W. Lykins, Jr., G.-R. Sun, and G. Majetich. 1999. Identification of New Ozone Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water. Environmental Science & Technology, 33: 3368-3377.<br /> <br /> Richardson, S. D., A. D. Thruston, Jr., T. V. Caughran, P. H. Chen, T. W. Collette, T. L. Floyd, K. M. Schenck, B. W. Lykins, Jr., G.-R. Sun, and G. Majetich. 1999. Identification of New Drinking Water Disinfection By-products Formed in the Presence of Bromide. Environmental Science & Technology, 33: 3378-3383. <br /> <br /> Richardson, S. D., A. D. Thruston, Jr., T. V. Caughran, P. H. Chen, T. W. Collette, K. M. Schenck, B. W. Lykins, Jr., C. Rav-Acha, and V. Glezer. 2000. Identification of New Drinking Water Disinfection By-products from Ozone, Chlorine Dioxide, Chloramine, and Chlorine. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 123: 95-102.<br /> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </body> </html>